How Does Sanitizer Kill Viruses?
Viruses are microscopic organisms that can cause a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. With the rise of infectious diseases like COVID-19, maintaining proper hygiene has become more crucial than ever. One of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of viruses is by using hand sanitizers. But how exactly do these sanitizers kill viruses? In this article, we will explore the science behind how sanitizers work to eliminate these harmful pathogens.
Alcohol as the Main Active Ingredient
The primary active ingredient in most hand sanitizers is alcohol, typically ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. These alcohols have been proven to be effective against a wide range of viruses, including the novel coronavirus. The reason alcohol is so effective lies in its ability to disrupt the lipid envelope of the virus.
Disruption of the Viral Lipid Envelope
Viruses, like many other microorganisms, have a lipid envelope, which is a protective layer that surrounds the viral genetic material. This envelope is composed of a lipid bilayer, similar to the cell membrane in our own bodies. The alcohol in sanitizers breaks down the lipid bilayer, causing the envelope to collapse and rendering the virus non-infectious.
Denaturation of Viral Proteins
In addition to disrupting the lipid envelope, sanitizers also denature the proteins on the surface of the virus. Denaturation refers to the process of altering the shape and structure of proteins, which is essential for their function. By denaturing the viral proteins, sanitizers prevent the virus from attaching to and entering host cells, thereby stopping its replication.
Time of Exposure
The effectiveness of sanitizers in killing viruses also depends on the duration of exposure. To ensure that the sanitizer has enough time to work, it is recommended to apply it and rub it into your hands for at least 20 seconds. This duration allows the alcohol to penetrate the virus and disrupt its protective structures.
Limitations of Sanitizers
While sanitizers are a valuable tool in preventing the spread of viruses, they do have limitations. Sanitizers are not effective against all types of viruses, and some viruses may have a higher resistance to alcohol-based sanitizers. In addition, sanitizers do not replace the importance of thorough handwashing with soap and water, especially when hands are visibly dirty or after handling contaminated surfaces.
Conclusion
Understanding how sanitizers kill viruses can help us appreciate their importance in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. By disrupting the viral lipid envelope and denaturing viral proteins, sanitizers effectively render viruses non-infectious. However, it is crucial to use sanitizers correctly and remember that they are just one aspect of maintaining good hygiene. Combining the use of sanitizers with proper handwashing and other hygiene practices will help protect us from harmful viruses.
